課程概述：
科學是什麼？科學與科技有什麼不同？研究科學的目的是什麼？提到科學的特徵時，你會聯想到什麼關鍵字？科學發展與政治、社會、經濟等領域有什麼關連？
科學其實是每一個世代利用當時的技術，對自然運作方式的最佳解釋。由於科技的進步，每個時代的社會對自然的理解與陳述也會跟著改變。例如：遠古時代的人認為地球是平的，天空是碗狀的蓋在地上，若走到世界的邊界就會掉落到無底的深淵中。但是16~17世紀時已經知道地球是球形的，並普遍認為宇宙中的天體都是繞著地球轉動。隨後地動說被提出來，經歷長期的辯論以及與教會的衝突，最後逐漸被大眾接受。在科學理論被接受的同時，用來證明這些理論的研究方法也逐漸成為整個人類社會建立知識的標準程序，甚至其思辯的方式也逐漸進入各種決策過程中。
相對於過去的社會，現代社會對科學研究的方法及結果普遍都能接受與相信。但是一般民眾對科學的接受度，或說科學方法與論證如何在人類社會中得到現有地位，是個很有趣且值得研究的過程。這個過程牽涉到科技的極限、政治與政策的制訂、宗教、社會經濟等多重因素。研究過去人類社會對自然的瞭解及科學認知的改變，我們可以看到人類社會在不同層面的演進。
科學是什麼？科學與科技有什麼不同？研究科學的目的是什麼？提到科學的特徵時，你會聯想到什麼關鍵字？科學發展與政治、社會、經濟等領域有什麼關連？
科學其實是每一個世代利用當時的技術，對自然運作方式的最佳解釋。由於科技的進步，每個時代的社會對自然的理解與陳述也會跟著改變。例如：遠古時代的人認為地球是平的，天空是碗狀的蓋在地上，若走到世界的邊界就會掉落到無底的深淵中。但是16~17世紀時已經知道地球是球形的，並普遍認為宇宙中的天體都是繞著地球轉動。隨後地動說被提出來，經歷長期的辯論以及與教會的衝突，最後逐漸被大眾接受。在科學理論被接受的同時，用來證明這些理論的研究方法也逐漸成為整個人類社會建立知識的標準程序，甚至其思辯的方式也逐漸進入各種決策過程中。
相對於過去的社會，現代社會對科學研究的方法及結果普遍都能接受與相信。但是一般民眾對科學的接受度，或說科學方法與論證如何在人類社會中得到現有地位，是個很有趣且值得研究的過程。這個過程牽涉到科技的極限、政治與政策的制訂、宗教、社會經濟等多重因素。研究過去人類社會對自然的瞭解及科學認知的改變，我們可以看到人類社會在不同層面的演進。
- Teacher: 嘉琪 王
本課程係以環境科學及生態學為主軸編纂之通識教育課程，內容設計主要針對非主修環境科學之學生，以概論方式介紹環境與生態之基本理論知識，繼之深入闡述其與人類生活之相互關係，並以宏觀角度檢視全球環境變遷對整體生態系統之影響，期於所學後能了解環境變遷與生態變化間的關係、人類於全球環境變遷中所扮演的角色及未來應有的對應態度。
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
- Teacher: 翊楷 謝
本課程係以環境科學及生態學為主軸編纂之通識教育課程，內容設計主要針對非主修環境科學之學生，以概論方式介紹環境與生態之基本理論知識，繼之深入闡述其與人類生活之相互關係，並以宏觀角度檢視全球環境變遷對整體生態系統之影響，期於所學後能了解環境變遷與生態變化間的關係、人類於全球環境變遷中所扮演的角色及未來應有的對應態度。
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
本課程係以環境科學及生態學為主軸編纂之通識教育課程，內容設計主要針對非主修環境科學之學生，以概論方式介紹環境與生態之基本理論知識，繼之深入闡述其與人類生活之相互關係，並以宏觀角度檢視全球環境變遷對整體生態系統之影響，期於所學後能了解環境變遷與生態變化間的關係、人類於全球環境變遷中所扮演的角色及未來應有的對應態度。
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
This is a general education course in ecology and
environmental science for students majoring in fields not directly
related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to
basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships
between humans and their environment, and to the ecological
effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide
students with an understanding of the role humans play in
global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
本課程係以環境科學與生態學為主軸編纂之通識教育課程，內容設計主要針對非主修環境科學之學生，以概論方式介紹環境與生態之基本理論知識，繼之深入闡述其與人類生活之相互關係，並以宏觀角度檢視全球環境變遷對整體生態系統之影響，期於所學後能了解環境變遷與生態變化間的關係，人類於全球環境變遷中所扮演的角色及未來應有的對應態度。 Environment and Ecology is a general education course for students majoring in fields not directly related to environmental studies. Through an introduction to basic principles of ecology, to the nature of interrelationships between humans and their environment, and to the ecological effects of environmental change, the course aims to provide students with an understanding of the role humans play in global environmental change and in their own ecological future.
「國際經濟與企業經營」包含「國際經濟學」與「國際企業經營」二門學科介紹，其內容涵蓋：國際貿易與國際金融之基本概念、兩岸之投資、貿易與經貿政策、國際經濟情勢分析、企業國際化發展之重要性、國際企業經營策略、國際企業成長策略與國際企業全球化發展等。「國際經濟與企業經營」所提供的知識，將帶領非商管學院的同學認識商業領域的概念及其思考模式，而擁有「國際貿易金融」及「國際企業經營」這方面的基本知識。在迎向全球化經濟與區域經濟整合的趨勢下，國際經貿的競爭益趨複雜的局勢等事件，將屢屢在媒體報導分析，而各位因為曾經研習過「國際經濟與企業經營」這門課程而感到不陌生。
- Teacher: 瑞呈 陳
「國際經濟與企業經營」結合「國際經濟學」與「國際企業經營」二門共同必修學科，其內容涵蓋：國際貿易與國際金融之基本概念、兩岸之投資、貿易與經貿政策、國際經濟情勢分析、企業國際化發展之重要性、國際企業經營策略、國際企業海外子公司管理者之培育與國際企業跨國異文化管理等。 「國際經濟與企業經營」所提供的知識，將引領非商管學院的同學進入嶄新的思考模式，並奠下在「國際經濟情勢」及「企業跨國經營」這方面領域的入門基礎。在面對全球化經濟的潮流下，今後不論在閱讀報刊或是經營企業，你都會因為曾經研習過「國際經濟與企業經營」這門課程而感到欣慰。
The courses on the principles of international economics and business management will lead a student in non-commercial college to a new way of thinking . This subject combines the virtues of international economics and business management.As you go about your life , you make many economic decisions . Studying this subject will not by itself make you rich , but it will give you some tools that may help in that endeavor . I am a firm believer that everyone should study the fundamental ideas that this subject has to offer .Whether the future finds you reading the newspaper , running a business , you will be glad that you studied it.
The courses on the principles of international economics and business management will lead a student in non-commercial college to a new way of thinking . This subject combines the virtues of international economics and business management.As you go about your life , you make many economic decisions . Studying this subject will not by itself make you rich , but it will give you some tools that may help in that endeavor . I am a firm believer that everyone should study the fundamental ideas that this subject has to offer .Whether the future finds you reading the newspaper , running a business , you will be glad that you studied it.
- Teacher: 琇如 楊
本課程之首要目的在藉著教學互動與研討，協助學生深入瞭解個人本身發展概況、人與人之間的關係暨人與社會群體之關係，以增進學生之社會適應力。其次將藉著分組研討，瞭解當前台灣之各項社會問題，並試圖由比較社會政策觀點，解讀問題的原因與對策。
The main objective of this course is to assist student analyzing the developement of themselves and their interpersonal relationship. And analyzing modern social problems through seminar and group discussion.
The main objective of this course is to assist student analyzing the developement of themselves and their interpersonal relationship. And analyzing modern social problems through seminar and group discussion.
- Teacher: 蘊慧 姚
當今的主要政治思想像是憲政民主對極權獨裁，它影響著現代世界每一個角落，每一位男女老幼。我們如果要對這兩者做徹底的了解，必須作深入根源的探索，而這種探索勢必奠基在對西洋政治思想史有所認識。
另外，「歷史學而無政治學，猶有花而無果，政治學而無歷史學，猶有樹而無根」。故而，要預測將來，當知現在，欲知現在，當明過去。研究現代西洋政治思想，先要明瞭西洋近代政治思想；明瞭西洋近代政治思想，對於西洋古代政治思想，必須先要有一鳥瞰。所以在論述各項政治思想之時，對於時代背景及歷史過程，必須緊緊相扣合在一起。
政治思想的研究有助於歷史眼光的訓練，因為政治思想發展的過程，最能表現歷史的趨勢，政治思想常常是歷史的畫龍點睛之筆，故有稱政治思想為「史眼」。政治思想是當時的思想家對所遭遇的政治問題所提出的解決意見，易言之，這思想是對其有關歷史、制度、社會、文化、經濟、政治等環境的反映。
雖然，政治思想沒有普遍而有效的標準答案，不過，在現在與未來都還能繼續挑戰人們的好奇心、想像力、以及建構學說、相互辯駁的能力。就本課程的目的而言，希望從研究過去各大思想家的學說與思辨中，澄清我們自己的思路，訓練自己的思想方法，尋出我們待以解決問題的途徑。
Today, the main political thought is likely the constitutional government democracy to the totalitarian authority dictatorship and it affects every corner of the modern world, every male , female, old and young. If we must make the thorough understanding to this both, we must make an in-depth exploration of the root causes. However, this kind of exploration will lay a foundation inevitably in the understanding of the history of the Western politics thought.
Moreover, “the history does not have the politics, the still have flower does not have the fruit, the politics does not have the history, the still have tree does not have the root”. Therefore, we must know the present to forecast the future and realize the past to know the present. Studying the modern Western political thought, everyone must understand the Western modern political thought first. Understanding the modern Western political thought, regarding to the ancient Western political thought, we must first have a bird's eye view. Therefore when elaborates upon each political thought, it is necessary to closely combine the time background with the historical process. The research of the Political thought is helpful to the historical perspective training. Because the political thinking of the development process can display the best performance of the trend of history.
The political thinking is always the finishing touch the pen in the history. It is said that the political thinking is the "History of eyes". The political thinking was the problem solution while the thinker encountered the political issues. In simple terms, this though is related to the reflections of their history, institutions, social, cultural, economic and politics.
Although, there is no ordinary and effective model answer to the political thinking; however, it can continue to challenge people's curiosity, imagination, and construct theories and the ability of mutual rebuttal in the present and future. The purpose of this course hopes to study the theory and thinking of the major thinkers of the past to clarify our own ideas, train our own way of thinking and to find a solution of the problem.
另外，「歷史學而無政治學，猶有花而無果，政治學而無歷史學，猶有樹而無根」。故而，要預測將來，當知現在，欲知現在，當明過去。研究現代西洋政治思想，先要明瞭西洋近代政治思想；明瞭西洋近代政治思想，對於西洋古代政治思想，必須先要有一鳥瞰。所以在論述各項政治思想之時，對於時代背景及歷史過程，必須緊緊相扣合在一起。
政治思想的研究有助於歷史眼光的訓練，因為政治思想發展的過程，最能表現歷史的趨勢，政治思想常常是歷史的畫龍點睛之筆，故有稱政治思想為「史眼」。政治思想是當時的思想家對所遭遇的政治問題所提出的解決意見，易言之，這思想是對其有關歷史、制度、社會、文化、經濟、政治等環境的反映。
雖然，政治思想沒有普遍而有效的標準答案，不過，在現在與未來都還能繼續挑戰人們的好奇心、想像力、以及建構學說、相互辯駁的能力。就本課程的目的而言，希望從研究過去各大思想家的學說與思辨中，澄清我們自己的思路，訓練自己的思想方法，尋出我們待以解決問題的途徑。
Today, the main political thought is likely the constitutional government democracy to the totalitarian authority dictatorship and it affects every corner of the modern world, every male , female, old and young. If we must make the thorough understanding to this both, we must make an in-depth exploration of the root causes. However, this kind of exploration will lay a foundation inevitably in the understanding of the history of the Western politics thought.
Moreover, “the history does not have the politics, the still have flower does not have the fruit, the politics does not have the history, the still have tree does not have the root”. Therefore, we must know the present to forecast the future and realize the past to know the present. Studying the modern Western political thought, everyone must understand the Western modern political thought first. Understanding the modern Western political thought, regarding to the ancient Western political thought, we must first have a bird's eye view. Therefore when elaborates upon each political thought, it is necessary to closely combine the time background with the historical process. The research of the Political thought is helpful to the historical perspective training. Because the political thinking of the development process can display the best performance of the trend of history.
The political thinking is always the finishing touch the pen in the history. It is said that the political thinking is the "History of eyes". The political thinking was the problem solution while the thinker encountered the political issues. In simple terms, this though is related to the reflections of their history, institutions, social, cultural, economic and politics.
Although, there is no ordinary and effective model answer to the political thinking; however, it can continue to challenge people's curiosity, imagination, and construct theories and the ability of mutual rebuttal in the present and future. The purpose of this course hopes to study the theory and thinking of the major thinkers of the past to clarify our own ideas, train our own way of thinking and to find a solution of the problem.
- Teacher: 信傑 陳
本課程的教學目標，在於使修課同學熟知智慧財產權之立法目的、智慧財產權之種類、智慧財產權之保護要件、智慧財產權之權利內容以及侵害專權之責任。
在專利權理論上，本文將上述專利權理論歸總為三種學說：自然權利說、契約說、社會強制說。本文將自然權利說歸為專利權人立場；契約說為國家行政機關管理角度出發；社會強制說則為社會大眾整體利益視角為基點，以此三說代表三方立場。且本文採和傳統見解必須選擇一說的習慣不同，本文的做法是總結出三說，並共同以此三說檢視兩岸專利審查制度，
針對兩岸專利法共同法源，即前述之重疊效力，以TRIPs為首之國際公約群組，本文有以下突破性看法：
1. 針對TRIPs的最低標準，本文認為有加以檢討和修正的必要。TRIPs的最低標準已經二十年未曾修改，已不合時代。本文主張：降低最低保障標準改為三年，尤其在IC產業優先適用。本文認為科技水準愈發達的國家或時代，專利權的有效期間當然會愈短。而提出依科技水準進步而修改公約的要求，亦是會員國的基本權。
2. 彈性核發專利權有效期間，一改現行一律20年、12年、10年的制式年限。本文認為，申請專利審核之核駁，本質上是行政處分的一種，本可本於職權綜合考量市場現況及事實上需求、國內技術水準，為行政裁量。但受限於專利法硬性規定，兩岸專利法則受限於以TRIPs為首效力重疊之國際公約群組，據此，兩岸應向WTO提出改約之議，而台灣非其他公約締約國，則由大陸向以WIPO為首之效力重疊之國際公約暨組織提出改約之議。
3.本文提出修改TRIPs最低標準的另一個目的，即是在杜哈回合談判或反仿貿協定談判中，為兩岸製造實質籌碼，並強調以科學數據佐證本文的說法更有益於市埸健全及提昇全球技術水準。
4. 從行政處分靈活化視角來看，專利權年限該給幾年及附廢止或終止效力之行政處分、或附負擔之行政處分都可以考慮，但重點是需實證統計分析科學數據加以支持，才可准駁，即當事人處分權主義和職權主義併用，行政機關在審查准駁前，並行使闡明權。
5.本文主張為發達兩岸專利法學並領導全球法學，在兩岸專利權的年限、權利內容、市佔率、影響率等焦點上，不論立法、審查、訴訟等都要求有實證統計分析科學數據加以支持，才算完善。
6. 本文主張將專利商品化納入要件之一，所謂專利商品化要件是指，在專利申請之初即將未來欲生產生商品一併提出，作為審查衡量要件之一，目的在具體落實產業利用性，避免很多專利不肖業者(俗稱專利蟑螂) ，專門申請專利地雷圖求不當之訴訟利益，有礙市場健全發展。專利，終究和市場及產業鏈無法分離考量。
7. 針對專利的上位概念係創作成方案，以及兩岸在實踐上一個重社會價值(大陸)，一個重商業利益(台灣) ，允宜再適當調整。本文認為，著作權主要要強調的是人類精神靈魂意念的展現，而專利法重點在市場利益，兩者有本質與目的上不同，識者不可以察。著作權法與專利權法之區分仍需在上位概念上予以更明確的區隔，當然二法有重疊適用空間也是事實。
8. TRIPs得不予專利保護之客體，也有檢討修正的必要，如對人類或動物疾病之診斷、治療及手術方法。如果是用於救人一命，當然不予專利為宜，但如果是用於醫學美容、養生醫學等，自可另當別論，考慮開放才對，TRIPs的文字描述與精確度仍有改善的空間。
In the theory of patent right, this dissertation divides the theory mentioned above into three types: doctrine of natural right; doctrine of bond and social mandatory doctrine. This dissertation boil the doctrine of natural right down to the owner of patent right; boil the doctrine of bond down to state administrative management; and regard the social mandatory doctrine as the whole rights and interests of the people. These three doctrines represent three points of view. Furthermore this dissertation discharges the traditional viewpoint which deems that only one theory need to be chosen and combine three doctrines jointly and check the cross-strait patent examination system based on these three theories. In allusion to cross-strait common resource of patent law which has the overlapping effectiveness mentioned above, which are TRIPs and other international conventions, this dissertation thereinafter based on this submits some break-through viewpoints as below:
1. In allusion to the lowest standard of TRIPs, this article insists that it is necessary to review and revise it. This standard has not been revised for twenty years and out of date. This article argues that this standard of protection need to be changed to three years and particularly apply to IC Industry at priority. In addition, the more well development on technological standard of a country or an age has, the shorter of validation of patent right shall be granted. The convention need to be revised based on the progress of technological standard and it shall be the fundamental right of nation member.
2. The duration of validity of patent right need to be flexible and to change the current standard period of 20 years, 12 years or 10 years. This article argues that the outcome of the examination of patent application is an administrative order in nature and shall be made based on the concerns regarding current situation and actual demand of market and domestic technological level. However, it is limited by the strict rules of the cross-strait patent laws which are subject to the overlapping effect of international convention leaded by the Trips. Thus, both sides shall submit a proposal to WTO for revising the agreement. Since Taiwan is not the signing member of other conventions, Mainland China shall submit the proposal to the international conventions and organizations with overlapping effect leaded by WIPO for revising.
3. Another aim of proposing to revise the minimum standard of Trips in this article is to create substantive chip in Doha Round negotiation and Anti-counterfeit Agreement negotiation and to emphasize that the viewpoints of this article are more beneficial to sound market and good for promoting global technology level based on the proof of scientific data.
4. From the perspective of the flexibility of administrative order, the term of patent right, the administrative order with the effect of abolish or termination or with additional burden shall all be considered, but the key point is that this decision shall be supported by demonstrative & statistical analysis and scientific data. In other words, the doctrine of the party’s right for disposition and the doctrine of official investigation shall be both applied before reviewing the application and making decision and exercising the power of inquiry meanwhile.
5. This article demonstrates that for developing cross-strait science of patent law and further guiding global science of law, considering the term of cross-strait patent right, content of right, market share and influence rate etc. shall be supported by demonstrative analysis and scientific data regardless of the aspects of legislation, examination and litigation etc.
6. This article insists that we shall bring the commercialization of patent into essential condition for patent approval. The so-called “essential condition of patent commercialization” refers to while applying for a patent, its coming commodity should be submitted and become one of the essential examined condition. Its aim is to concrete industrial applicability for avoiding so called “patent troll”, which applies the patent for obtaining unfair lawsuit benefit by applying patent map and deter the sound development of market. After all, a patent is inseparable with the market and industry.
7. In allusion to superordinate concept of patent which is created as a project and should be adjusted due to the different main concerns between Strait, one is social value (Mainland China), another is commercial interests (Taiwan)._ The article insists that copyright stresses on the display of the soul and idea of human spirit, however the patent law emphasizes on market interests. Both are different in nature and purpose and should not be confused. The superordinate concept of copyright law and patent law shall be distinguished more precisely. In fact, to some degree, they are overlapping applied without any doubt.
8. The range of patent do not protect under TRIPs need to be reviewed and revised as well, such as human or animal disease diagnosis and its treatment and operation methods. If it is used for saving people life, the patent shall not be granted better, but if it is for the use of aesthetic medicine, health maintenance etc, that is a different story and shall consider to grant a patent. The description and accuracy of Trips content still has the room for improving.
著作權，分為著作人格權與著作財產權。其中著作人格權的內涵包括了公開發表權、姓名表示權及禁止他人以扭曲、變更方式，利用著作損害著作人名譽的權利。著作財產權是無形的財產權，是基於人類知識所產生的權利，故屬知識產權之一，包括重製權、公開口述權、公開播送權、公開上映權、公開演出權、公開傳輸權、公開展示權、改作權、散布權、出租權等等。
著作權要保障的是思想的表達形式，而不是保護思想本身，因為在保障著作財產權，此類專屬私人之財產權利益的同時，尚須兼顧人類文明之累積與知識及資訊之傳播，從而演算法、數學方法、技術或機器的設計，均不屬著作權所要保障的對象。
著作權是有期限的權利，在一定期限經過後，著作財產權即歸於失效，而屬公共領域，任何人皆可自由利用。在著作權的保護期間內，即使未獲作者同意，只要符合「合理使用」的規定，亦可利用。凡此規定皆在平衡著作人與社會對作品進一步使用之利益。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A
Copyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to financially support themselves.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property (as patents, trademarks and trade secrets are), applicable to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete.[1] It is often shared, then percentage holders are commonly called rightsholders: legally, contractually and in associated "rights" business functions.[citation needed] Generally rightsholders have "the right to copy", but also the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, and other related rights.
Copyright initially was conceived as a way for government to restrict printing[citation needed]; the contemporary intent of copyright is to promote the creation of new works by giving authors control of and profit from them. Copyrights are said to be territorial, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific state unless that state is a party to an international agreement. Today, however, this is less relevant since most countries are parties to at least one such agreement. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws of most countries have some unique features.[2] Typically, the duration of copyright is the whole life of the creator plus fifty to a hundred years from the creator's death, or a finite period for anonymous or corporate creations. Some jurisdictions have required formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright, and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of their intellectual property rights, and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright
上述的說法只是通常的介紹,把著作權分著作人格權和著作財產權是對著作權人保護最周延的立法例,但卻妨礙經濟及產業利用,故有另一派國家立法例不區分二者,以利交易.
思想表達或及於思想內涵事實上極有爭議,識者不可不察
合理使用也不限copy20%以下,須總體考量,識者不可不察
在專利權理論上，本文將上述專利權理論歸總為三種學說：自然權利說、契約說、社會強制說。本文將自然權利說歸為專利權人立場；契約說為國家行政機關管理角度出發；社會強制說則為社會大眾整體利益視角為基點，以此三說代表三方立場。且本文採和傳統見解必須選擇一說的習慣不同，本文的做法是總結出三說，並共同以此三說檢視兩岸專利審查制度，
針對兩岸專利法共同法源，即前述之重疊效力，以TRIPs為首之國際公約群組，本文有以下突破性看法：
1. 針對TRIPs的最低標準，本文認為有加以檢討和修正的必要。TRIPs的最低標準已經二十年未曾修改，已不合時代。本文主張：降低最低保障標準改為三年，尤其在IC產業優先適用。本文認為科技水準愈發達的國家或時代，專利權的有效期間當然會愈短。而提出依科技水準進步而修改公約的要求，亦是會員國的基本權。
2. 彈性核發專利權有效期間，一改現行一律20年、12年、10年的制式年限。本文認為，申請專利審核之核駁，本質上是行政處分的一種，本可本於職權綜合考量市場現況及事實上需求、國內技術水準，為行政裁量。但受限於專利法硬性規定，兩岸專利法則受限於以TRIPs為首效力重疊之國際公約群組，據此，兩岸應向WTO提出改約之議，而台灣非其他公約締約國，則由大陸向以WIPO為首之效力重疊之國際公約暨組織提出改約之議。
3.本文提出修改TRIPs最低標準的另一個目的，即是在杜哈回合談判或反仿貿協定談判中，為兩岸製造實質籌碼，並強調以科學數據佐證本文的說法更有益於市埸健全及提昇全球技術水準。
4. 從行政處分靈活化視角來看，專利權年限該給幾年及附廢止或終止效力之行政處分、或附負擔之行政處分都可以考慮，但重點是需實證統計分析科學數據加以支持，才可准駁，即當事人處分權主義和職權主義併用，行政機關在審查准駁前，並行使闡明權。
5.本文主張為發達兩岸專利法學並領導全球法學，在兩岸專利權的年限、權利內容、市佔率、影響率等焦點上，不論立法、審查、訴訟等都要求有實證統計分析科學數據加以支持，才算完善。
6. 本文主張將專利商品化納入要件之一，所謂專利商品化要件是指，在專利申請之初即將未來欲生產生商品一併提出，作為審查衡量要件之一，目的在具體落實產業利用性，避免很多專利不肖業者(俗稱專利蟑螂) ，專門申請專利地雷圖求不當之訴訟利益，有礙市場健全發展。專利，終究和市場及產業鏈無法分離考量。
7. 針對專利的上位概念係創作成方案，以及兩岸在實踐上一個重社會價值(大陸)，一個重商業利益(台灣) ，允宜再適當調整。本文認為，著作權主要要強調的是人類精神靈魂意念的展現，而專利法重點在市場利益，兩者有本質與目的上不同，識者不可以察。著作權法與專利權法之區分仍需在上位概念上予以更明確的區隔，當然二法有重疊適用空間也是事實。
8. TRIPs得不予專利保護之客體，也有檢討修正的必要，如對人類或動物疾病之診斷、治療及手術方法。如果是用於救人一命，當然不予專利為宜，但如果是用於醫學美容、養生醫學等，自可另當別論，考慮開放才對，TRIPs的文字描述與精確度仍有改善的空間。
In the theory of patent right, this dissertation divides the theory mentioned above into three types: doctrine of natural right; doctrine of bond and social mandatory doctrine. This dissertation boil the doctrine of natural right down to the owner of patent right; boil the doctrine of bond down to state administrative management; and regard the social mandatory doctrine as the whole rights and interests of the people. These three doctrines represent three points of view. Furthermore this dissertation discharges the traditional viewpoint which deems that only one theory need to be chosen and combine three doctrines jointly and check the cross-strait patent examination system based on these three theories. In allusion to cross-strait common resource of patent law which has the overlapping effectiveness mentioned above, which are TRIPs and other international conventions, this dissertation thereinafter based on this submits some break-through viewpoints as below:
1. In allusion to the lowest standard of TRIPs, this article insists that it is necessary to review and revise it. This standard has not been revised for twenty years and out of date. This article argues that this standard of protection need to be changed to three years and particularly apply to IC Industry at priority. In addition, the more well development on technological standard of a country or an age has, the shorter of validation of patent right shall be granted. The convention need to be revised based on the progress of technological standard and it shall be the fundamental right of nation member.
2. The duration of validity of patent right need to be flexible and to change the current standard period of 20 years, 12 years or 10 years. This article argues that the outcome of the examination of patent application is an administrative order in nature and shall be made based on the concerns regarding current situation and actual demand of market and domestic technological level. However, it is limited by the strict rules of the cross-strait patent laws which are subject to the overlapping effect of international convention leaded by the Trips. Thus, both sides shall submit a proposal to WTO for revising the agreement. Since Taiwan is not the signing member of other conventions, Mainland China shall submit the proposal to the international conventions and organizations with overlapping effect leaded by WIPO for revising.
3. Another aim of proposing to revise the minimum standard of Trips in this article is to create substantive chip in Doha Round negotiation and Anti-counterfeit Agreement negotiation and to emphasize that the viewpoints of this article are more beneficial to sound market and good for promoting global technology level based on the proof of scientific data.
4. From the perspective of the flexibility of administrative order, the term of patent right, the administrative order with the effect of abolish or termination or with additional burden shall all be considered, but the key point is that this decision shall be supported by demonstrative & statistical analysis and scientific data. In other words, the doctrine of the party’s right for disposition and the doctrine of official investigation shall be both applied before reviewing the application and making decision and exercising the power of inquiry meanwhile.
5. This article demonstrates that for developing cross-strait science of patent law and further guiding global science of law, considering the term of cross-strait patent right, content of right, market share and influence rate etc. shall be supported by demonstrative analysis and scientific data regardless of the aspects of legislation, examination and litigation etc.
6. This article insists that we shall bring the commercialization of patent into essential condition for patent approval. The so-called “essential condition of patent commercialization” refers to while applying for a patent, its coming commodity should be submitted and become one of the essential examined condition. Its aim is to concrete industrial applicability for avoiding so called “patent troll”, which applies the patent for obtaining unfair lawsuit benefit by applying patent map and deter the sound development of market. After all, a patent is inseparable with the market and industry.
7. In allusion to superordinate concept of patent which is created as a project and should be adjusted due to the different main concerns between Strait, one is social value (Mainland China), another is commercial interests (Taiwan)._ The article insists that copyright stresses on the display of the soul and idea of human spirit, however the patent law emphasizes on market interests. Both are different in nature and purpose and should not be confused. The superordinate concept of copyright law and patent law shall be distinguished more precisely. In fact, to some degree, they are overlapping applied without any doubt.
8. The range of patent do not protect under TRIPs need to be reviewed and revised as well, such as human or animal disease diagnosis and its treatment and operation methods. If it is used for saving people life, the patent shall not be granted better, but if it is for the use of aesthetic medicine, health maintenance etc, that is a different story and shall consider to grant a patent. The description and accuracy of Trips content still has the room for improving.
著作權，分為著作人格權與著作財產權。其中著作人格權的內涵包括了公開發表權、姓名表示權及禁止他人以扭曲、變更方式，利用著作損害著作人名譽的權利。著作財產權是無形的財產權，是基於人類知識所產生的權利，故屬知識產權之一，包括重製權、公開口述權、公開播送權、公開上映權、公開演出權、公開傳輸權、公開展示權、改作權、散布權、出租權等等。
著作權要保障的是思想的表達形式，而不是保護思想本身，因為在保障著作財產權，此類專屬私人之財產權利益的同時，尚須兼顧人類文明之累積與知識及資訊之傳播，從而演算法、數學方法、技術或機器的設計，均不屬著作權所要保障的對象。
著作權是有期限的權利，在一定期限經過後，著作財產權即歸於失效，而屬公共領域，任何人皆可自由利用。在著作權的保護期間內，即使未獲作者同意，只要符合「合理使用」的規定，亦可利用。凡此規定皆在平衡著作人與社會對作品進一步使用之利益。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A
Copyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to financially support themselves.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property (as patents, trademarks and trade secrets are), applicable to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete.[1] It is often shared, then percentage holders are commonly called rightsholders: legally, contractually and in associated "rights" business functions.[citation needed] Generally rightsholders have "the right to copy", but also the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, and other related rights.
Copyright initially was conceived as a way for government to restrict printing[citation needed]; the contemporary intent of copyright is to promote the creation of new works by giving authors control of and profit from them. Copyrights are said to be territorial, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific state unless that state is a party to an international agreement. Today, however, this is less relevant since most countries are parties to at least one such agreement. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws of most countries have some unique features.[2] Typically, the duration of copyright is the whole life of the creator plus fifty to a hundred years from the creator's death, or a finite period for anonymous or corporate creations. Some jurisdictions have required formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright, and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of their intellectual property rights, and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright
上述的說法只是通常的介紹,把著作權分著作人格權和著作財產權是對著作權人保護最周延的立法例,但卻妨礙經濟及產業利用,故有另一派國家立法例不區分二者,以利交易.
思想表達或及於思想內涵事實上極有爭議,識者不可不察
合理使用也不限copy20%以下,須總體考量,識者不可不察
- Teacher: 行 王